Variables influyentes en los niveles de 25(OH)D total y libre en población sana / Influencing variables on total and free 25(OH)D levels in healthy population

Introducción La vitamina D ejerce un papel fundamental en la homeostasis del calcio y el metabolismo óseo. Procede, mayoritariamente, de la síntesis cutánea, por acción de la luz solar. Así, variaciones en la exposición a esta radiación modifican sus niveles séricos. Estudiamos dos analitos diferentes de vitamina D en población sana española, y la influencia de la estacionalidad, el clima y la latitud en sus estatus. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron 206 donantes de sangre de Burgos y Valencia de 18-60 años durante marzo-abril y octubre-noviembre de 2018. Se analizaron las concentraciones séricas de 25-hidroxicolecalciferol (25(OH)D) total y libre. Resultados Las concentraciones medias de 25(OH)D total y libre tras el verano en Burgos fueron: 24,31 ± 5,25 ng/mL y 5,01 ± 1,25 pg/mL; y en Valencia: 25,99 ± 6,87 ng/mL y 8,97 ± 2,82 pg/mL. Tras el invierno, los resultados en Burgos fueron: 17,66 ± 5,04 ng/mL y 4,08 ± 0,66 pg/mL, y en Valencia: 21,38 ± 3,77 ng/mL y 7,23 ± 2,44 pg/mL. Los cambios estacionales resultaron estadísticamente significativos para los dos componentes estudiados, tanto de manera global como en ambas poblaciones por separado. Las diferencias poblacionales en los niveles de 25(OH)D total y libre resultaron estadísticamente significativas, excepto en 25(OH)D total tras el verano (24,07 ng/mL vs. 26,03 ng/mL; p = 0,408). La latitud también demostró ser un factor influyente en las concentraciones de ambos analitos, en verano e invierno. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio refleja niveles de vitamina D más bajos de lo esperable tratándose de población sana española. Se demuestra la influencia de la estacionalidad, el clima y la latitud en los niveles de 25(OH)D total y 25(OH)D libre (AU)

Introduction Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It mainly comes from cutaneous synthesis through the action of sunlight. Therefore, variations in exposure to this radiation modify serum levels. We studied two different analytes of vitamin D in the healthy Spanish population and the influence of seasonality, climate, and latitude on its levels. Methods This work is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. A total of 206 blood donors from Burgos and Valencia between 18-60 years of age were recruited during March-April and October-November 2018. Total and free serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) were analyzed. Results After summer, total and free serum 25(OH)D medium levels were 24.31 ± 5.25 ng/mL and 5.01 ± 1.25 pg/mL in Burgos and 25.99 ± 6.87 ng/mL and 8.97 ± 2.82 pg/mL in Valencia. After winter, they were 17.66 ± 5.04 ng/mL and 4.08 ± 0.66 ng/mL in Burgos and 21.38 ± 3.77 ng/mL and 7.23 ± 2.44 ng/mL in Valencia. The seasonal changes were statistically significant for both components studied both in the sample as a whole and in the separate populations. The differences found between the two populations in total and free 25(OH)D levels were statistically significant except for total 25(OH)D after summer (24.07 ng/mL vs. 26.03 ng/mL; p = 0.408). Latitude was also shown to be a factor that influences concentrations of both analytes in summer and winter. Conclusions Our study shows lower vitamin D levels than expected for a healthy Spanish population. Seasonality, climate, and latitude were demonstrated to influence total and free 25(OH)D levels (AU)

Influencing variables on total and free 25(OH)D levels in healthy population.

INTRODUCTION: Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. It mainly comes from cutaneous synthesis through the action of sunlight. Therefore, variations in exposure to this radiation modify serum levels. We studied two different analytes of vitamin D in the healthy Spanish population and the influence of seasonality, climate, and latitude on its levels. METHODS: This work is a cross-sectional, descriptive study. A total of 206 blood donors from Burgos and Valencia between 18-60 years of age were recruited during March-April and October-November 2018. Total and free serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D) were analyzed. RESULTS: After summer, total and free serum 25(OH)D medium levels were 24.31 ±â€¯5.25 ng/mL and 5.01 ±â€¯1.25 pg/mL in Burgos and 25.99 ±â€¯6.87 ng/mL and 8.97 ±â€¯2.82 pg/mL in Valencia. After winter, they were 17.66 ±â€¯5.04 ng/mL and 4.08 ±â€¯0.66 ng/mL in Burgos and 21.38 ±â€¯3.77 ng/mL and 7.23 ±â€¯2.44 ng/mL in Valencia. The seasonal changes were statistically significant for both components studied both in the sample as a whole and in the separate populations. The differences found between the two populations in total and free 25(OH)D levels were statistically significant except for total 25(OH)D after summer (24.07 ng/mL vs. 26.03 ng/mL; p = .408). Latitude was also shown to be a factor that influences concentrations of both analytes in summer and winter. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows lower vitamin D levels than expected for a healthy Spanish population. Seasonality, climate, and latitude were demonstrated to influence total and free 25(OH)D levels.

Retención de compuestos de gadolinio usados en resonancia magnética: revisión crítica y recomendaciones de las agencias regulatorias / Retention of gadolinium compounds used in magnetic resonance imaging: a critical review and the recommendations of regulatory agencies

La Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS), basándose en las recomendaciones del Comité Europeo para la Evaluación de Riesgos en Farmacovigilancia, estableció el 11 de julio de 2017 que los beneficios clínicos no superan a los posibles riesgos derivados del uso de contrastes de resonancia magnética basados en gadolinio (Gd) de estructura lineal, incluyendo Omniscan(R), Magnevist(R) (actualmente no comercializado), Optimark(R) (abandonada su comercialización en España) y MultiHance(R). Recomienda la AEMPS suspender su comercialización para uso general argumentando la retención de estos compuestos en el cerebro. Por otro lado, justifica que se mantengan disponibles Primovist(R) y MultiHance(R) para estudios hepáticos, y Magnevist(R) de administración intraarticular (no comercializado en España). Aboga por el uso casi exclusivo de los contrastes de estructura macrocíclica (Gadovist(R), ProHance(R) y Dotarem(R)). Sin embargo, la retención de Gd se sabe que es diferente para cada medio de contraste. Todos los contrastes de Gd tienen una fase de distribución con retención tisular por intercambio muy lento en el intersticio de hueso, piel, riñón, encéfalo y otros órganos. No se han demostrado efectos histológicos ni sintomatología clínica asociados al acúmulo de estas cantidades traza de Gd. La mayor preocupación toxicológica con estos contrastes es la fibrosis sistémica nefrogénica (FSN). Dado que los perfiles de seguridad se relacionan principalmente con el espacio de retención intersticial en los tejidos, no parece justificado excluir los medios de contraste sin relación con la FSN. Por ello, se discrepa de la recomendación de la AEMPS de paralizar la comercialización de los contrastes lineales para uso general sin tener en cuenta los perfiles individuales de cada medio de contraste. Esta recomendación no se sustenta en los datos ni en los conocimientos existentes sobre la retención, la relajatividad y la eficiencia clínica de los compuestos de Gd. Es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos sobre la relevancia histológica y clínica de estos depósitos orgánicos de Gd (AU)

The Spanish Agency for Drugs and Healthcare Products (AEMPS), based on the recommendations of the European Committee for Risk Assessment in Pharmacovigilance, established on 13 March 2017 that linear gadolinium-based MR contrast media, such as MultiHance, Omniscan, Magnevist (currently not marketed) and Optimark (no longer marketed in Spain), the clinical benefits do not outweigh the potential risks derived from their use. AEMPS recommends to suspend its marketing for general use based on the retention of these compounds in the brain. On the other hand, the AEMPS justifies the maintenance of Primovist and MultiHance for liver studies, and Magnevist of intra-articular administration (not commercialized in Spain), and justified the almost exclusive use of macrocyclic structure contrasts (Gadovist, ProHance and Dotarem). However, this retention is known to be different for each of the contrast media. All existing gadolinium contrasts agents have a distribution phase with tissue retention, due to a very slow exchange, in the interstitium of bone, skin, kidney, brain and other organs. The existence of histological effects or clinical symptoms associated with the accumulation of these trace amounts of gadolinium has not been demonstrated. The major toxicological concern with these contrast agents is related to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Since the safety profiles are mainly related to the interstitial retention space in the tissues, it does not seem justified to actually exclude contrast media that do not have cases related to the NSF. Based on all of this, we disagree with the latest AEMPS recommendation suggesting the marketing stoppage of linear agents without considering the individual retention profiles. This recommendation is not based neither on the data nor existing knowledge about the retention, relaxivity and clinical efficiency of the Gd compounds. It is therefore necessary to carry out prospective studies on the histological and clinical relevance of these organic Gd deposits (AU)

Retention of gadolinium compounds used in magnetic resonance imaging: a critical review and the recommendations of regulatory agencies. / Retención de compuestos de gadolinio usados en resonancia magnética: revisión crítica y recomendaciones de las agencias regulatorias.

The Spanish Agency for Drugs and Healthcare Products (AEMPS), based on the recommendations of the European Committee for Risk Assessment in Pharmacovigilance, established on 13 March 2017 that linear gadolinium-based MR contrast media, such as MultiHance, Omniscan, Magnevist (currently not marketed) and Optimark (no longer marketed in Spain), the clinical benefits do not outweigh the potential risks derived from their use. AEMPS recommends to suspend its marketing for general use based on the retention of these compounds in the brain. On the other hand, the AEMPS justifies the maintenance of Primovist and MultiHance for liver studies, and Magnevist of intra-articular administration (not commercialized in Spain), and justified the almost exclusive use of macrocyclic structure contrasts (Gadovist, ProHance and Dotarem). However, this retention is known to be different for each of the contrast media. All existing gadolinium contrasts agents have a distribution phase with tissue retention, due to a very slow exchange, in the interstitium of bone, skin, kidney, brain and other organs. The existence of histological effects or clinical symptoms associated with the accumulation of these trace amounts of gadolinium has not been demonstrated. The major toxicological concern with these contrast agents is related to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). Since the safety profiles are mainly related to the interstitial retention space in the tissues, it does not seem justified to actually exclude contrast media that do not have cases related to the NSF. Based on all of this, we disagree with the latest AEMPS recommendation suggesting the marketing stoppage of linear agents without considering the individual retention profiles. This recommendation is not based neither on the data nor existing knowledge about the retention, relaxivity and clinical efficiency of the Gd compounds. It is therefore necessary to carry out prospective studies on the histological and clinical relevance of these organic Gd deposits.

[Best practices for the safe use of parenteral nutrition multi-chamber bags. Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacist's Clinical Nutrition Group]. / Buenas prácticas para el uso seguro de las bolsas tricamerales de nutrición parenteral.

Patient security is one of the key aspects of the Health-System. Parenteral Nutrition is included in the ISMP's list of high-alert medication, being its appropiate use an essential element in maximizing effectiviness while minimizing the potential risk of errors associated with its use. Multi-chamber bags offer several advantages versus pharmacy bespoke bags. However, their apparent simplicity may induce to misuse, asuming their use requires limited consideration, thus increasing the risk of potential errors. For this reason, the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacist's Clinical Nutrition Group considered it essential to develop a list of safety practices regarding the use of parenteral nutrition multi-chamber bags. These recommendations are based on practices globally accepted to diminish errors in PN therapy.

La seguridad del paciente es un aspecto clave de la asistencia sanitaria. La Nutrición Parenteral está incluida en la lista de medicamentos de alto riesgo del ISMP, siendo su uso apropiado un elemento esencial para maximizar su efectividad y minimizar el riesgo potencial de errores asociados con su empleo. Las bolsas tricamerales presentan numerosas ventajas frente a las elaboradas en los Servicios de Farmacia. Sin embargo, su aparente simplicidad puede inducir a un uso inadecuado de las mismas, al asumir que su utilización requiere considerar menos aspectos, incrementando con ello el riesgo potencial de errores. Por este motivo, el Grupo de Nutrición Clínica de la SEFH consideró necesario elaborar una relación de buenas prácticas para el uso seguro de las bolsas tricamerales de NP. Estas recomendaciones están basadas en prácticas globalmente aceptadas para disminuir los errores con el empleo de NP.

[The in vitro effect of the addition of ion exchange resins on the bioavailability of electrolytes in artificial enteral feeding formulas]. / Efecto in vitro de la adición de resinas de intercambio iónico sobre la biodisponibilidad de electrolitos en fórmulas de nutrición enteral artificial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine in vitro free ion concentration in three standard artificial enteral feeding formulas following the addition of ion exchange resins. METHOD: Three standard types of AEF were chosen: Osmolite HN, Nutrison Standard and Isosource Standard. The ion exchange resins used were: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate and Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate. 100 ml of AEF were mixed in a beaker with 1.5 g or 3 g of ion exchange resins for 48 hours at 37 masculineC. Subsequently, the samples were precipitated and the supernatant obtained was used for determining the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium ions. RESULTS: The addition of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate to different types of enteral feeding formulas reduced the concentrations of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions by 70%. 78.2%, and 77.6% in the case of Osmolite HN; by 72.3%, 69.2% and 63.5% in the case of Nutrison Standard, and by 78.3%, 80.5% and 74.5% in the case of Isosource Standard. In contrast, the addition of Calcium Polystyrene Sulfonate reduced the concentration of potassium and magnesium by 50.5% and 55.5% in the case of Osmolite HN; by 49.8% and 43% in the case of Nutrison Standard and by 42.6% and 37.7% in the case of Isosource Standard. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of ion exchange resins to different types of enteral feeding formulas, allows the in vitro free ion content of these to be reduced.

Efecto in vitro de la adición de resinas de intercambio iónico sobre la biodisponibilidad de electrolitos en fórmulas de nutrición enteral artificial / The in vitro effect of the addition of ion exchange resins on the bioavailability of electrolytes in artificial enteral feeding formulas

Objetivo: Conocer la concentración iónica libre in vitro en tres fórmulasde nutrición enteral artificial estándar, tras la adición de resinasde intercambio iónico.Método: Se seleccionaron tres tipos de NEA estándar: OsmoliteHN®, Nutrison Standard® e Issosource Standard®. Las resinas de intercambioiónico empleadas fueron: poliestireno sulfonato sódico ypoliestireno sulfonato cálcico. En un vaso de precipitados se mezclaron100 ml de la NEA con 1,5 g o 3 g de las resinas de intercambioiónico durante 48 h a 37 ºC. Posteriormente se precipitaron lasmuestras y el sobrenadante obtenido se utilizó para determinar lasconcentraciones de los iones calcio, magnesio, sodio y potasio.Resultados: La adición de poliestireno sulfonato sódico a las diferentesnutriciones enterales redujo las concentraciones de los ionespotasio, calcio y magnesio en un 70,9, 78,2, y 77,6% en el caso deOsmolite HN®, en un 72,3, 69,2 y 63,5% en el caso de NutrisonStandard®, y en un 78,3, 80,5 y 74,5% en el caso de IssosourceStandard®. Por el contrario la adición de poliestireno sulfonato cálcicoredujo las concentraciones de potasio y magnesio en un 50,5y un 55,5% en el caso de Osmolite HN®, un 49,8 y un 43% en elcaso de Nutrison Standard® y en un 42,6 y un 37,7% en el caso deIssosource Standard®.Conclusiones: La adición de resinas de intercambio iónico a distintasnutriciones enterales permite reducir el contenido iónico libre invitro de éstas

Objective: To determine in vitro free ion concentration in three standardartificial enteral feeding formulas following the addition of ionexchange resins.Method: Three standard types of AEF were chosen: Osmolite HN®,Nutrison Standard® and Isosource Standard®. The ion exchange resinsused were: Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate and Calcium PolystyreneSulfonate. 100 ml of AEF were mixed in a beaker with 1.5 g or3 g of ion exchange resins for 48 hours at 37ºC. Subsequently, thesamples were precipitated and the supernatant obtained was usedfor determining the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodiumand potassium ions.Results: The addition of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate to differenttypes of enteral feeding formulas reduced the concentrations of potassium,calcium and magnesium ions by 70%. 78.2%, and 77.6% inthe case of Osmolite HN®; by 72.3%, 69.2% and 63.5% in the case ofNutrison Standard®, and by 78.3%, 80.5% and 74.5% in the case ofIsosource Standard®. In contrast, the addition of Calcium PolystyreneSulfonate reduced the concentration of potassium and magnesiumby 50.5% and 55.5% in the case of Osmolite HN®; by 49.8% and43% in the case of Nutrison Standard® and by 42.6% and 37.7% inthe case of Isosource Standard®.Conclusions: The addition of ion exchange resins to different types ofenteral feeding formulas, allows the in vitro free ion content of theseto be reduced

[Assessment of nutritional status and of intestinal absorption in asymptomatic patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with and without chronic hepatitis]. / Valoración del estado nutricional y de la absorción intestinal en pacientes asintomáticos infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) con y sin hepatitis C crónica.

OBJECTIVE: To compare nutritional status and intestinal absorption in asymptomatics HIV patients co-infected or not with hepatitis C virus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 15 patients (9 men and 6 women) HIV seropositive in A1-A2 stage were classified in two groups, A were asymptomatics HIV patients and B were asymptomatic HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nutritional status was determined by weight, height, % ideal weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, grip dynamometry and body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance. Intestinal absorption was assesses with D-xilosa test in urine collected over 5 hours after fasting ingestion of 5 grams of D-xylosa. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS (v.11.0). RESULTS: Not statistically significative differences were found in the nutritional status between the two groups of patients. Asymptomatics HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C eliminate less D-xylosa in urine than patients without chronic hepatitis C, being this difference statistically significative. Three out of the eight patients (37.5%) of group B presented malabsorption (< 1.2 grams of D-xylosa in urine). In group A any patient had malabsorption. DISCUSSION: In our study, asymptomatic HIV patients have a good nutritional status, without differences between patients co-infected or not with hepatitis C virus. Intestinal absorption is altered in patients co-infected and this should be considered because of its potential clinical consequences.

Valoración del estado nutricional y de la absorción intestinal en pacientes asintomáticos infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) con y sin hepatitis C crónica / Assessment of nutritional status and of intestinal absorption in asymptomatic patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) with ans without chronic hepatitis

Objetivo: Comparar el estado nutricional y la capacidad de absorción intestinal en pacientes VIH asintomáticos con y sin hepatitis C crónica. Material y métodos: 15 pacientes (9 hombres y 6 mujeres) seropositivos para el VIH en estadio A1-A2 se subdividen en dos grupos, grupo A) VIH asintomáticos (n=7) y grupo B) VIH asintomáticos con hepatitis C crónica (n=8). El estado nutricional se determinó mediante valores ponderales de peso y talla, % peso ideal e índice de masa corporal (IMC), pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, circunferencia muscular del brazo, dinamometría y análisis de la composición corporal medida por bioimpedancia eléctrica. La valoración de la capacidad de absorción intestinal se realizó mediante el test de la D-xilosa en orina recogida durante 5 horas tras la administración oral en ayunas de 5 gramos de D-xilosa. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS (V11.0). Resultados: No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado nutricional de los pacientes de ambos grupos. Los pacientes VIH asintomáticos con hepatitis C crónica eliminan menos cantidad de D-xilosa en orina durante las 5 horas posteriores a la ingesta de 5 gramos, siendo esta diferencia significativa estadísticamente. De los 8 pacientes del grupo VIH asintomáticos con hepatitis C crónica, tres (37,5%) presentaron malabsorción (menos de 1,2 gramos de Dxilosa en orina). Por el contrario no se evidenció alteración en la absorción de la D-xilosa en los pacientes del grupo A. Discusión: La población VIH asintomática estudiada presenta un estado nutricional dentro de los valores normales para la población española. No hemos encontrado diferencias significativas entre población VIH asintomática con y sin hepatitis C crónica. La alteración de la capacidad de absorción intestinal en pacientes VIH asintomáticos con hepatitis C crónica observada en este estudio debe ser considerada por sus posibles efectos clínicos (AU)

Objective: To compare nutritional status and intestinal absorption in asymptomatics HIV patients co-infected or not with hepatitis C virus. Material and methods: 15 patients (9 men and 6 women) HIV seropositive in A1-A2 stage were classified in two groups, A were asymptomatics HIV patients and B were asymptomatic HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nutritional status was determined by weight, height,% ideal weight, body mass index, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, grip dynamometry and body composition measured by bioelectrical impedance. Intestinal absorption was assesses with D-xilosa test in urine collected over 5 hours after fasting ingestion of 5 grams of D-xylosa. Statistical analysis was made with SPSS (v.11.0). Results: Not statistically significative differences were found in the nutritional status between the two groups of patients. Asymptomatics HIV patients with chronic hepatitis C eliminate less D-xylosa in urine than patients without chronic hepatitis C, being this difference statistically significative. Three out of the eight patients (37,5%) of group B presented malabsorption (< 1,2 grams of D-xylosa in urine). In group A any patient had malabsorption. Discusion: In our study, asymptomatic HIV patients have a good nutritional status, without differences between patients co-infected or not with hepatitis C virus. Intestinal absorption is altered in patients co-infected and this should be considered because of its potential clinical consequences (AU)

[Multicenter study on the prevalence of hyperglycemia among hospitalized patients with parenteral nutrition]. / Estudio multicéntrico de prevalencia de hiperglucemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional national multicentric study was to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia in patients with parenteral nutrition and to assess other clinical factors associated with this complication. METHOD: All Spanish hospital pharmacy services were invited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Twenty eight (28) pharmacy services agreed to participate. The study included 442 patients. The prevalence of hyperglycemia (plasma levels > 200 mg/dL) was 26.7%. Eighty four point two per cent of the patients received less than 3.5 mg/kg/minute of glucose, this infusion rate being considered as the safe threshold. In most patients, follow-up of glycemia was based on capillary blood determination with reactive strips and in 27.6% of the cases in which insulin was prescribed, it was added to the parenteral nutrition bag, in full or in part. No significant correlations were found between glycemia and the clinical factors studied (disorders, fever, medication), except for insulin. CONCLUSIONS: This national multicentric study of the prevalence of hyperglycemia among patients with parenteral nutrition, leaded by hospital pharmacists, was a joint effort aimed to better understand this metabolic complication. Findings are consistent with those reported by other authors and have allowed us to describe the current situation.

Estudio multicéntrico de prevalencia de hiperglucemia en pacientes hospitalizados con nutrición parenteral / Multicentric study on the prevalence of hyperglycemia among hospitalized patients with parenteral nutrition

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio nacional transversal multicéntricofue evaluar la prevalencia de hiperglucemia en pacientescon nutrición parenteral y evaluar otros factores clínicos relacionadoscon esta complicación.Método: Se ofertó participar en el estudio a todos los serviciosde farmacia de los hospitales españoles.Resultados: Accedieron a participar 28 servicios de farmacia.El estudio incluyó 442 pacientes. La prevalencia de hiperglucemia(valores séricos > 200 mg/dL) se situó en el 26,7%. El 84,2% depacientes recibieron menos de 3,5 mg/kg/minuto de glucosa,velocidad de infusión postulada como umbral de seguridad. Elseguimiento mayoritario de la glucemia fue mediante determinaciónen sangre capilar con tiras reactivas y el 27,6% de los casosen que se pautó insulina, esta estaba aditivada en la bolsa de nutriciónparenteral, total o parcialmente. No se pudieron demostrarcorrelaciones significativas entre la glucemia y los factores clínicosestudiados (patologías, fiebre, medicación), pero sí con la insulina.Conclusiones: Este estudio multicéntrico nacional sobre laprevalencia de hiperglucemia en pacientes con nutrición parenteral,liderado por farmacéuticos de hospital, constituye un esfuerzointegrado para conocer mejor esta complicación metabólica. Losdatos descritos se sitúan dentro de los aportados por otros autoresy nos han permitido caracterizar la situación actual

Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional national multicentricstudy was to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia inpatients with parenteral nutrition and to assess other clinical factorsassociated with this complication.Method: All Spanish hospital pharmacy services were invitedto participate in the study.Results: Twenty eight (28) pharmacy services agreed to participate.The study included 442 patients. The prevalence ofhyperglucemia (plasma levels > 200 mg/dL) was 26.7%. Eightyfour point two per cent of the patients received less than 3,5mg/kg/minute of glucose, this infusion rate being considered asthe safe threshold. In most patients, follow-up of glycemia wasbased on capillary blood determination with reactive strips and in27.6% of the cases in which insulin was prescribed, it was addedto the parenteral nutrition bag, in full or in part. No significantcorrelations were found between glycemia and the clinical factorsstudied (disorders, fever, medication), except for insulin.Conclusions: This national multicentric study of the prevalenceof hyperglycemia among patients with parenteral nutrition,leaded by hospital pharmacists, was a joint effort aimed to betterunderstand this metabolic complication. Findings are consistentwith those reported by other authors and have allowed us todescribe the current situation

[Parenteral nutrition at home: NADYA register for the year 2000]. / Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD): registro NADYA. Año 2000.

AIM: We analyze the registered data of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in our country during the year 2000. METHOD: The data were collected through a previously designed questionnaire. Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the disease to prescribe this treatment, the specific nutritional treatment used and its duration, access path, complications and readmission rate in hospital, follow-up of the treatment, and progress. All data were processed and analysed by the co-ordinating team. RESULTS: Fourteen hospitals participated, and 67 patients were enrolled. Middle age was 5 +/- 4 years for patients < 14 years old, and 48 +/- 15 years for those > or = 14 years old. The more prevalent diagnosis were: ischemic bowel (28.4%), neoplasm (16.4%), radiation enteritis (13.4%), motility disorders (7.5%), Crohn's disease (2.9%), and other. The mean time on HPN was 7.5 +/- 4.4 months. Tunelized catheter was the preferential route (77.6%), followed by the implantated one (20.9%). The intermittent method (nocturnal) was preferential (91.0%). Patients receive the formula from hospital pharmacy more frequently than from Nutriservice (71.5% versus 19.4%). The complications related to nutrition (0.32/100 days of HPN) included the infections (0.12 catheter sepsis/100 d of HPN), metabolic (0.06/100 d of HPN), mechanic (0.03/100 d of HPN) and electrolitic disorders (0.03/100 d of HPN). The readmission rate, for nutritional problems, was 0.3 hospitalizations/100 d of HPN. At the end of the year, 61.2% of the patients remained in the HPN program, 37.3% abandoned the treatment (due to death (40%), to progress to oral feeding (48%), and to progress to enteral nutrition (4%); and 1.5% of the patients were not follow up. CONCLUSIONS: This review illustrates that there is an increment in the registration of HPN patients in our country (1997: 0.7 patients/10(6) habitants, 2000: 1.9 patients/10(6) habitants), that vascular pathology is the more frequent diagnoses in HPN patients, and the rate of readmission and complications and the behaviour is similar to other series making this as a safe treatment in our place.

[Enteral nutrition at home: National register for the year 2000]. / Nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED): Registro Nacional del año 2000.

GOAL: Once again, the NADYA-SENPE Working Group analysed the registered data of Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN) in our country, during the year 2000. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were collected through a closed questionnaire included on our web site (www.nadya-senpe.com). Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the indication to prescribe this treatment, the specific nutritional treatment used and its duration, access path, complications and readmission rate in hospital, follow-up of the treatment, patient's quality of life and progress. All data were processed and analysed by the co-ordinating team. RESULTS: Twenty two hospital participated and 2,986 patients, aged 65.1 +/- 19.7 years, were enrolled. Of these patients, 41.2% were diagnosed with neurological diseases and 33.3% with cancer. The mean time on HEN was 6.3 +/- 4.4 months. Oral nutrition was the preferential route (50.8%), followed by nasoenteral tube (30.5%), and in 17.4% ostomy tubes were placed. Polymeric was the formula composition mainly used (83.2%). Patients were followed (70.1%) by the hospital reference Nutritional Support Unit. The complications related to nutrition included the gastrointestinal (0.25 complications/patient), the mechanical one (0.19 complications/patient), and the metabolic (0.007 complications/patient). Feeding tube need to be replaced 0.3 times/patient/year. The readmission rate, for nutritional problems, was observed in 0.03 patients. At the end of the year, 54.9% of the patients were in the HEN program, and in 30.3% HEN was finish due to different reasons. In 21.9% of the patients no, o light, discapacity degree was found. CONCLUSIONS: Related to previous years, there is an increment in the number of enrolled patients. Neurological diseases and cancer were the more frequent diagnoses in HEN patients. Oral access was the higher feeding route due, probably, to the high prevalence of cancer patients. In spite of the elevated prevalence of neurological diseases, a few number of patients were feed with ostomy tube. Finally, due to the few readmission rate and complications, HEN is a safe treatment in our country.

Nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD): registro NADYA. Año 2000 / Parenteral nutrition at home: NADYA register for 2000

Objetivo: Análisis descriptivo y valoración de los datos registrados por el Grupo de Trabajo NADYA-SENPE de pacientes que han recibido nutrición parenteral domiciliaria (NPD) en nuestro país durante el año 2000.Material y métodos: Se han recopilado datos (epidemiológicos, diagnóstico, vía de acceso, complicaciones, reingresos hospitalarios, duración del tratamiento y evolución) a partir de un cuestionario previamente diseñado para ello. Los datos obtenidos del cuestionario se introdujeron en una base de datos para la ulterior gestión de los mismos. Resultados: Los datos correspondían a 67 pacientes (edad media de 5 ñ 4 años para pacientes < 14 años y 48 ñ 15 años para 14 años) controlados por 14 centros hospitalarios. Las patologías que con más frecuencia han comportado este tratamiento fueron: isquemia mesentérica (28,4 per cent), seguida de enfermedad neoplásica (16,4 per cent), enteritis rádica (13,4 per cent), alteraciones de la motilidad (7,5 per cent) y enfermedad de Crohn (2,9 per cent), entre otras. Se observó un predominio de los catéteres tunelizados (77,6 per cent) sobre los implantados (20,9 per cent), y de la administración cíclica (nocturna) de la nutrición parenteral (NP) (91,0 per cent). Las farmacias hospitalarias suministraron las fórmulas de NPD con más frecuencia que el Nutriservice (71,5 per cent frente a 19,4 per cent).La duración media del tratamiento fue de 7,48 ñ 4,39 meses. Se presentaron 0,32 complicaciones/100 días de NPD relacionadas con el tratamiento nutritivo con predominio de las infecciosas (0,12 sepsis por catéter/100 d de NPD), seguidas de las metabólicas (0,06/100 d de NPD), y de las mecánicas (0,03/100 d de NPD) e hidroelectrolíticas (0,03/100 días de NPD). Estas complicaciones comportaron 0,3 hospitalizaciones/100 días de NPD. Al finalizar el año, seguían en activo 61,2 per cent de los pacientes; 37,3 per cent habían abandonado el tratamiento (exitus 40 per cent, nutrición oral 48 per cent y nutrición enteral 4 per cent), y 1,5 per cent pacientes habían dejado de ser controlados por el equipo inicialmente responsable. Conclusiones: Podemos concluir que existe un incremento del registro de la NPD en nuestro país (1997: 0,7 pacientes/106 habitantes, 2000: 1,9 pacientes/106 habitantes), que hay un predominio de patología vascular y que la incidencia de complicaciones, retirada del tratamiento e ingresos hospitalarios son semejantes a otras series lo que avala la calidad del tratamiento (AU)

Aim: We analyze the registered data of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) in our country during the year 2000. Method: The data were collected through a previously designed questionnaire. Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the disease to prescribe this treatment, the specific nutritional treatment used and its duration, access path, complications and readmission rate in hospital, follow-up of the treatment, and progress. All data were processed and analysed by the co-ordinating team. Results: Fourten hospitals participated, and 67 pacientes were enrolled. Middle age was 5 ± 4 years for patients < 14 years old, and 48 ± 15 years for those ≥ 14 years old. The more prevalent diagnosis were: ischemic bowel (28.4%), neoplasm (16.4%), radiation enteritis (13.4%), motility disorders (7.5%), Crohn’s disease (2.9%), and other. The mean time on HPN was 7.5 ± 4.4 months. Tunelized catheter was the preferential route (77.6%), followed by the implantated one (20.9%). The intermittent method (nocturnal) was preferential (91.0%). Patients receive the formula from hospital pharmacy more frequently than from Nutriservice (71.5% versus 19.4%). The complications related to nutrition (0.32/100 days of HPN) included the infections (0,12 catheter sepsis/100 d of HPN), metabolic (0.06/100 d of HPN), mechanic (0.03/100 d of HPN) and electrolitic disorders (0.03/100 d of HPN). The readmission rate, for nutritional problems, was 0,3 hospitalizations /100 d of HPN. At the end of the year, 61.2% of the patients remained in the HPN program, 37.3% abandoned the treatment (due to death (40%), to progress to oral feeding (48%), and to progress to enteral nutrition (4%); and 1.5% of the patients were not follow up. Conclusions: This review illustrates that there is an increment in the registration of HPN patients in our country (1997: 0.7 pacients/106habitants, 2000: 1.9 pacients/ 106 habitants), that vascular pathology is the more frequent diagnoses in HPN patients, and the rate of readmission and complications and the behaviour is similar to other series making this as a safe treatment in our place (AU)

Nutrición enteral domiciliaria (NED): Registro Nacional del año 2000 / Enteral nutrition at home. National Register for 2000

Objetivo: Un año más, el Grupo de Trabajo NADYASENPE, presenta el análisis del registro de los pacientes con Nutrición Enteral Domiciliaria (NED) de nuestro país correspondiente al año 2000.Material y métodos: La información se ha recogido en un cuestionario cerrado incluido en nuestra página web (www.nadya-senpe.com). Este formulario incluye datos epidemiológicos, indicación del motivo de este tratamiento, pauta de tratamiento y vía de acceso, complicaciones y hospitalizaciones, seguimiento de los pacientes, calidad de vida y evolución. Los datos son procesados y analizados por el equipo coordinador. Resultados: Se han registrado datos de 22 hospitales que representan un total de 2.986 pacientes analizados, con una edad media de 65,1 ñ 19,7 años. Predominio de pacientes con alteraciones neurológicas (41,2 per cent), seguidos de los neoplásicos (33,3 per cent). El tiempo medio de NED fue 6,3 ñ 4,4 meses. Se observó una elevada prevalencia de la vía oral (50,8 per cent), seguido de la administración a través de sonda nasogástrica (SNG) (30,5 per cent), siendo el porcentaje de ostomías de un 17,4 per cent. La fórmula polimérica fue la más utilizada en un 83,2 per cent. Los pacientes fueron controlados, mayoritariamente, por la unidad de nutrición de su hospital de referencia (70,1 per cent). Las complicaciones, relacionadas con la nutrición, más frecuentemente observadas fueron las gastrointestinales (0,25 complicaciones/paciente), seguidas de las mecánicas (0,19 complicaciones/paciente), y de las metabólicas (0,007 complicaciones/pacientes). Se realizaron 0,3 cambios de sonda/paciente/año. Se registraron 0,03 hospitalizaciones/paciente, asociadas a la nutrición. Al finalizar el año, el 54,9 per cent de los pacientes continuaban en activo, mientras que en un 30,3 per cent se suspendió la NED por diversos motivos. El 21,9 per cent no presentaba incapacidad o el grado de la misma era ligero. Conclusiones: Existe un incremento, en relación a años previos en el número de pacientes con NED registrados. Persiste el gran peso de las patologías neurológicas y oncológicas en este tratamiento a domicilio. Probablemente, por existir un elevado número de pacientes oncológicos, la administración de la NED por boca es elevada. A destacar que hay pocos pacientes con ostomías. Finalmente, la NED en nuestro país es un tratamiento seguro con bajo número de complicaciones (AU)

Goal: Once again, the NADYA-SENPE Working Group analysed the registered data of Home Enteral Nutrition (HEN) in our country, during the year 2000. Material and methods: The data were collected through a closed questionnaire included on our web site (www.nadya-senpe.com). Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the indication to prescribe this treatment, the specific nutritional treatment used and its duration, access path, complications and readmission rate in hospital, follow-up of the treatment, patient’s quality of life and progress. All data were processed and analysed by the co-ordinating team. Results: Twenty two hospital participated and 2,986 patients, aged 65.1 ± 19.7 years, were enrolled. Of these patients, 41.2% were diagnosed with neurological diseases and 33.3% with cancer. The mean time on HEN was 6.3 ± 4.4 months. Oral nutrition was the preferential route (50.8%), followed by nasoenteral tube (30.5%), and in 17.4% ostomy tubes were placed. Polymeric was the formula composition mainly used (83.2%). Patients were followed (70.1 %) by the hospital reference Nutritional Support Unit. The complications related to nutrition included the gastrointestinal (0.25 complications/ patient), the mechanical one (0.19 complications/patient), and the metabolic (0.007 complications/ patient). Feeding tube need to be replaced 0.3 times/ patient/year. The readmission rate, for nutritional problems, was observed in 0.03 patients. At the end of the year, 54.9% of the patients were in the HEN program, and in 30.3% HEN was finish due to different reasons. In 21,9% of the patients no, o light, discapacity degree was found. Conclusions: Related to previous years, there is an increment in the number of enrolled patients. Neurological diseases and cancer were the more frequent diagnoses in HEN patients. Oral access was the higher feeding route due, probably, to the high prevalence of cancer patients. In spite of the elevated prevalence of neurological diseases, a few number of patients were feed with ostomy tube. Finally, due to the few readmission rate and complications, HEN is a safe treatment in our country (AU)

[Home enteral nutrition. Annual report 1999. NADYA-SENPE Group]. / Nutrición enteral domiciliaria. Informe anual 1999. Grupo NADYA-SENPE.

GOAL: During 1999, as in previous years, the NADYA-SENPE Group has maintained an annual register of patients with Artificial Nutrition at Home in order to keep up to date our available knowledge of this therapy. The present paper analyzes the results of the sixth National Register of patients under treatment with Enteral Nutrition at Home corresponding to 1999, produced with the co-operation of twenty-three centres in the Spanish national health network. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were collected through a closed questionnaire included on our web site (www.nadya-senpe.com). Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the indication that led to the prescription of nutrition, nutritional treatment, access path, complications and admissions to hospital, follow-up of the treatment, patients' quality of life and progress. All of the data are processed by the co-ordinating team. The Nutrition Unit at La Paz Teaching Hospital in Madrid has acted as the group co-ordinator. RESULTS: During 1999, a total of 2,262 patients at the twenty-three collaborating centres followed treatment with Home Enteral Nutrition (NED in its Spanish acronym). The mean age was 63.6 (19.67 years (males: 57.6%; females: 42.3%). The mean time with nutritional treatment is 5.89 (4.25 months. The neurological alterations (37.5%) and neoplasias (36.8%) were the most frequent indications for NED. Most patients used oral administration (50.7%), the use of artificial routes is less frequent, with 5NG being used on 27.9% and PEG on 12.7%. The polymeric formulas are the ones most commonly used (87.7%). The number of complications recorded amounted to 1,403 episodes, representing 0.62 complications per patient per year, of which 40.8% were gastro-intestinal (0.26 complications per patient per year) and 18.7% were mechanical complications, with only 9 recorded cases of bronchoaspiration. It was necessary to admit patients to hospital on 836 occasions (0.38 admissions per patient), albeit generally for causes not associated with nutrition (86.1%). At year-end, 51.4% of patients continued to receive nutritional support. CONCLUSIONS: Enteral nutrition at home is a safe technique whose use is growing in Spain. It requires the existence of appropriately equipped nutrition teams as well as the collaboration of the Primary Health Care services and the suitable training of patients and relatives. It is essential to progress more deeply into the development and application of clinical routes that provide a clear and concise methodology covering all nutrition-related aspects. In itself, nutrition is a therapeutic alternative regardless of whether access is obtained through a natural or an artificial route. It is necessary for the persons responsible for health-care administration to realize that the appropriate nutrition of patients leads to an improvement in their general health, a shorter course for their illness and, therefore, a reduction in costs.

Interacción entre fenitoína y diversas fórmulas dietéticas artificiales para nutrición enteral / Interaction between phenytoin and a number of artificial enteric-nutrition dietary formulas

El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la interacción in vitro de una solución de fenitoína sódica y diferentes fórmulas dietéticas artificiales para nutrición enteral, así como con cada uno de los substratos de estas fórmulas de manera aislada. Para ello se expuso una solución de fenitoína sódica con las diferentes fórmulas para nutrición enteral durante 24 horas y a 25 °C y con los substratos puros durante 3 horas. Los resultados muestran una menor recuperación en aquellas fórmulas con mayor contenido proteico y una mayor recuperación en los preparados con fibra. Aparecen diferencias significativas entre la recuperación en el blanco y la recuperación en el preparado hiperproteico y estándar a las 1,5 horas de exposición y existe una correlación negativa significativa a tiempo 0 entre la recuperación de fenitoína y el contenido proteico de las fórmulas. En el estudio aislado de los substratos, la caseína y los ácidos grasos son los que muestran una menor recuperación de fenitoina a las 3 horas de exposición. De este estudio podemos concluir que existe una interacción in vitro entre las proteínas de las fórmulas dietéticas artificiales para nutrición enteral y la fenitoína, que la fibra parece tener un efecto protector sin distinción entre fibra soluble o insoluble y que los iones calcio y magnesio no interaccionan in vitro con la fenitoína (AU)

Nutrición enteral domiciliaria. informe anual 1999. Grupo NADYA-SENPE / Enteral nutrition at home. annual report 1999. NADYA-SENPE group

Objetivo: Durante 1999, como en años anteriores, el Grupo NADYA-SENPE ha realizado el registro anual de pacientes con Nutrición Artificial Domiciliaria, con el objetivo de mantener actualizados los conocimientos que sobre esta terapéutica tenemos. En el presente trabajo analizamos los resultados del sexto Registro Nacional de pacientes en tratamiento con Nutrición Enteral Domiciliaria correspondiente al año 1999, en el que han colaborado veintitrés centros de la red sanitaria nacional.Material y Métodos: La información se ha recogido en un cuestionario cerrado incluido en nuestra pagina web (www.nadya-senpe.com). El formulario incluye, además de los datos epidemiológicos, la indicación que motivó la nutrición, tratamiento nutricional, vía de acceso, complicaciones y hospitalizaciones, seguimiento del tratamiento, calidad de vida y evolución de los pacientes. La información total es procesada por el equipo coordinador. La Unidad de Nutrición del Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid, ha actuado como coordinador del grupo.Resultados: Durante el año 1999 han seguido tratamiento con Nutrición Enteral Domiciliaria (NED) 2262 pacientes en los veintitrés centros colaboradores. La edad media ha sido de 63,6 ñ 19,67 (H: 57,6 por ciento; M: 42,3 por ciento). El tiempo medio con tratamiento nutricional es de 5,89 ñ 4,25 meses. Las alteraciones neurológicas (37,5 por ciento) y las neoplasias (36,8 por ciento) han sido las indicaciones de NED más frecuentes. La mayoría de los pacientes utilizan la vía oral (50,7 por ciento), la utilización de vías artificiales es menos frecuente, la SNG es utilizada en el 27,9 por ciento y la PEG en un 12,7 por ciento. Las formulas polimericas son las mas empleadas (87,7 por ciento). Se contabilizaron 1403 episodios de complicaciones, lo que representa 0,62 complicac./paciente/año, el 40,8 por ciento gastrointestinales (0,26 complicaciones/paciente/año), el 18,7 por ciento complicaciones mecánicas, solo se contabilizaron 9 casos de broncoaspiración. En 836 ocasiones (0,38 hospitaliz./paciente) fue necesario hospitalizar al paciente, aunque debido generalmente a causas no asociadas con la nutrición (86,1 por ciento).Al finalizar el año el 51,4 por ciento de los pacientes continuaban con el soporte nutricional Conclusiones: La nutrición enteral domiciliaria es una técnica segura en pleno desarrollo en nuestro país.Requiere la existencia de equipos de nutrición adecuadamente dotados así como la colaboración de los servicios de atención primaria y la adecuada formación de familiares y pacientes. Es indispensable profundizar en el desarrollo y aplicación de vías clínicas que contemplen una metodología clara y concisa que abarque todos los aspectos relativos a la nutrición. La nutrición es, en si misma, una alternativa terapéutica independientemente de si el acceso se realiza por una vía natural o artificial. Es necesario que los responsables administrativos se den cuenta de que una nutrición adecuada de los pacientes redunda en una mejoría de su estado general, un tiempo de evolución mas corto y, por lo tanto, en una disminución de los costes (AU)

Goal: During 1999, as in previous years, the NADYA-SENPE Group has maintained an annual register of patients with Artificial Nutrition at Home in order to keep up to date our available knowledge of this therapy. The present paper analyzes the results of the sixth National Register of patients under treatment with Enteral Nutrition at Home corresponding to 1999, produced with the co-operation of twenty-three centres in the Spanish national health network. Material and Methods: The data were collected through a closed questionnaire included on our web site (www.nadya-senpe.com). Apart from epidemiological information, the form includes the indication that led to the prescription of nutrition, nutritional treatment, access path, complications and admissions to hospital, follow-up of the treatment, patients’ quality of life and progress. All of the data are processed by the coordinating team. The Nutrition Unit at La Paz Teaching Hospital in Madrid has acted as the group co-ordinator. Results: During 1999, a total of 2,262 patients at the twenty-three collaborating centres followed treatment with Home Enteral Nutrition (NED in its Spanish acronym). The mean age was 63.6 ( 19.67 years (males: 57.6%; females: 42.3%). The mean time with nutritional treatment is 5.89 ( 4.25 months. The neurological alterations (37.5%) and neoplasias (36.8%) were the most frequent indications for NED. Most patients used oral administration (50.7%), the use of artificial routes is less frequent, with 5NG being used on 27.9% and PEG on 12.7%. The polymeric formulas are the ones most commonly used (87.7%). The number of complications recorded amounted to 1,403 episodes, representing 0.62 complications per patient per year, of which 40.8% were gastro-intestinal (0.26 complications per patient per year) and 18.7% were mechanical complications, with only 9 recorded cases of bronchoaspiration. It was necessary to admit patients to hospital on 836 occasions (0.38 admissions per patient), albeit generally for causes not associated with nutrition (86.1%). At year-end, 51.4% of patients continued to receive nutritional support Conclusions: Enteral nutrition at home is a safe technique whose use is growing in Spain. It requires the existence of appropriately equipped nutrition teams as well as the collaboration of the Primary Health Care services and the suitable training of patients and relatives. It is essential to progress more deeply into the development and application of clinical routes that provide a clear and concise methodology covering all nutrition-related aspects. In itself, nutrition is a therapeutic alternative regardless of whether access is obtained through a natural or an artificial route. It is necessary for the persons responsible for health-care administration to realize that the appropriate nutrition of patients leads to an improvement in their general health, a shorter course for their illness and, therefore, a reduction in costs (AU)